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For laminar-turbulent transition and turbulent flow in pipeline the Nusselt number (Nu) becomes also depdedant on friction with wall, quantifiable by Darcy friction factor
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[ Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) ] [ Heat Transfer Coefficient @model ]
[ Prandtl number (Pr)Dimensionless Heat Transfer Numbers ]
References
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Gnielinski, Volker (1975). "Neue Gleichungen für den Wärme- und den Stoffübergang in turbulent durchströmten Rohren und Kanälen". Forsch. Ing.-Wes. 41 (1): 8–16.Anchor Gnielinski Gnielinski
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