...
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Fig. 1. Location map of injector-producer pairing with 4 producers {W1, W2, W3, W4} and one injector W0. |
Case #1 – Constant flowrate production:
...
q^{\uparrow}_1 = \rm const >0 |
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The bottom-hole pressure response
in producer
W1 to the flowrate variation
LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | \delta qq^{\downarrow}_0 |
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in injector
W0:
LaTeX Math Block |
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\delta p_1 = - p_{u,\rm 21}(t) \cdot \delta q_2q^{\downarrow}_0 |
where
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| Consider a pressure convolution equation for the BHP in producer W1 with constant flowrate production at producer W1 LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | qq^{\uparrow}_1 = \rm const |
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| and varying injection rate at injector W20 LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | q_2q^{\downarrow}_0(t) |
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| : LaTeX Math Block |
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| p_1(t) = p_i - \int_0^t p_{u,\rm 11}(t-\tau) dqdq^{\uparrow}_1(\tau) - \int_0^t p_{u,\rm 01}(t-\tau) dqdq^{\downarrow}_0(\tau) = p_i - \int_0^t p_{u,\rm 01}(t-\tau) dqdq^{\downarrow}_0(\tau) |
Consider a step-change in injector's W0 flowrate LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | \delta qq^{\downarrow}_0 |
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| at zero time , which can be written as: LaTeX Math Inline |
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| body | dqwriten as LaTeX Math Block |
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| q_0(\tau) = \delta | q \delta \, d\tauwhere . The responding pressure variation in producer W1 will be is Heaviside step function: LaTeX Math Block |
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| \delta p_1(tH(\tau) = p_1(t)-p_i = - \int_0^t p_{u,\rm 21}(t-\tau) \delta q_0 \cdot \delta(\tau) \, d\tau = - p_{u,\rm 01}(t) \cdot \delta q_0 |
which leads to LaTeX Math Block Reference |
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| .
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Case #2 – Constant BHP:
...
...
...
\begin{cases} 0, & \tau <0 \\ 1, &\tau \geq 0\end{cases} |
The differential then can be written as: LaTeX Math Block |
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| d q^{\downarrow}_0(\tau) = q_0'(\tau) d\tau = \delta q^{\downarrow}_0 \cdot H'(\tau) \, d\tau = \delta q^{\downarrow}_0 \cdot \delta(\tau) \, d\tau |
The responding pressure variation |
|
...
...
...
...
...
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In this case, flowrate response
in producer W1 to the flowrate variation in injector W0 is going to be: LaTeX Math Block |
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|
\delta q_1(t) = - \frac{\dotint_0^t p_{u,\rm 21}(t-\tau) \delta q^{\downarrow}_0 \cdot \delta(\tau) \, d\tau = - p_{u,\rm 01}(t) |
| }{dot p_{u,\rm 11}(t)} \cdot \delta q_0 |
where
...
...
cdot \delta q^{\downarrow}_0 |
which leads to LaTeX Math Block Reference |
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| . |
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Case #2 – Constant BHP:
...
Assume that the flowrate in producer W1 is being automatically adjusted by
...
...
to compensate the bottom-hole pressure variation
...
...
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time derivative of drawdown pressure transient response (DTR) in producer W1 to the unit-rate production in the same well
in response to the total sandface flowrate variation
LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | \delta q^{\downarrow}_0 |
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in injector W0 so that bottom-hole pressure in producer W1 stays constant at all times LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | \delta p_1(t) = \delta p_1 = \rm const |
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. In petroleum practice this happens when the formation is capable to deliver more fluid than the current lift settings in producer so that the bottom-hole pressure in producer is constantly kept at minimum value defined by the lift design..In this case, flowrate response
LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | \delta q^{\uparrow}_1 |
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in producer W1 to the flowrate variation LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | \delta q^{\downarrow}_0 |
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in injector W0 is going to be: LaTeX Math Block |
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\delta q^{\uparrow} |
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Consider a pressure convolution equation for the above 2-wells system with constant BHP:
LaTeX Math Block |
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p_1(t) =
p_i - \int_0^t-^{\uparrow} \frac{\dot p_{u,\rm
1101}(t
-\tau) dq_1(\tau) - \int_0^t )}{\dot p_{u,\rm
0111}(t
-\tau)}
dq_0(\tau) = \rm constThe time derivative is going to be zero as the BHP in producer W1 stays constant at all times:
LaTeX Math Block |
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|
\dot p_1(t) = - \left( \int_0^t \cdot \delta q^{\downarrow}_0
where
| time since injector's W0 rate has changed by LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | \delta q^{\downarrow}_0 |
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| . |
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| Consider a pressure convolution equation for the above 2-wells system with constant BHP: -\tau) dq_0(\tau) \right)^{\cdot} = 0 LaTeX Math Block |
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| p_{u,\rm 11}(0) \cdot q_1(t) +1(t) = p_i - \int_0^t \dot p_{u,\rm 11}(t-\tau) dqdq^{\uparrow}_1(\tau) = - p_{u,\rm 01}(0) \cdot q_0(t) - \int_0^t \dot p_{u,\rm 01}(t-\tau) dqdq^{\downarrow}_0(\tau) = \rm const |
The zero-time value of DTR / CTR is zero by definition LaTeX Math Inline |
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| body | time derivative is going to be zero as the BHP in producer W1 stays constant at all times: LaTeX Math Block |
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| \dot p_1(t) = - \left( \int_0^t p_{u,\rm 11}( | 0) = 0, \, p_{u,\rm 01}(0) = 0 which leads to: LaTeX Math Block |
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anchor | Case2_PSS_p11_temp |
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alignment | left |
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| t-\tau) dq^{\uparrow}_1(\tau) \right)^{\cdot} - \left( \int_0^t \dot p_{u,\rm 1101}(t-\tau) dq_1dq^{\downarrow}_0(\tau) \right)^{\cdot} = 0 |
LaTeX Math Block |
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| p_{u,\rm 11}(0) \cdot \dot q^{\uparrow}_1(t) + = - \int_0^t \dot p_{u,\rm 2111}(t-\tau) dq_2dq^{\uparrow}_1(\tau) |
Consider a step-change in producer's W1 flowrate and injector's W0 flowrate at zero time , which can be written as LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | dq_1(\tau) = \delta q_1 \cdot \delta(\tau) \, d\tau |
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| .Assume that a lift mechanism in producer automatically adjusts the flowrate to maintain the same flowing bottom-hole and LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | dq_0(\tau) = \delta q_0 \cdot \delta(\tau) \, d\tau |
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| . Substituting this to = - p_{u,\rm 01}(0) \cdot \dot q^{\downarrow}_0(t) - \int_0^t \dot p_{u,\rm 01}(t-\tau) dq^{\downarrow}_0(\tau) |
The zero-time value of DTR / CTR is zero by definition LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | p_{u,\rm 11}(0) = 0, \, p_{u,\rm 01}(0) = 0 |
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| which leads to:mathblock-ref leads to: LaTeX Math Block |
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| \int_0^t \dot p_{u,\rm 11}(t-\tau) \delta q_1 \cdot \deltadq^{\uparrow}_1(\tau) \, d\tau = - \int_0^t \dot p_{u,\rm 01}(t-\tau) \delta qdq^{\downarrow}_0 \cdot \delta(\tau) \, d\tau |
LaTeX Math Block |
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| \dot p_{u,\rm 11}(t) \delta q_1 = - \dot p_{u,\rm 01}(t) \delta q_0 |
which leads to LaTeX Math Block Reference |
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| .
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For the finite-volume drain
LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | V_{\phi,1} \leq V_{\phi,0} < \infty |
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the flowrate response factor LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | \delta q_1 / \delta q_0 |
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is getting stabilised over time as: LaTeX Math Block |
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anchor | Case2_PSS |
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alignment | left |
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\delta q_1 / \delta q_0 = - f_{01} = - \frac{V_{\phi, 1}}{ V_{\phi, 0}} = \rm const |
...
LaTeX Math Block Reference |
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|
...
Consider a step-change in producer's W1 flowrate LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | \delta q^{\uparrow}_1 |
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| and injector's W0 flowrate LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | \delta q^{\downarrow}_0 |
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| at zero time , which can be written as LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | dq^{\uparrow}_1(\tau) = \delta q^{\uparrow}_1 \cdot \delta(\tau) \, d\tau |
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| .Assume that a lift mechanism in producer automatically adjusts the flowrate to maintain the same flowing bottom-hole and LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | dq^{\downarrow}_0(\tau) = \delta q^{\downarrow}_0 \cdot \delta(\tau) \, d\tau |
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| .Substituting this to LaTeX Math Block Reference |
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| leads to: LaTeX Math Block |
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| \int_0^t \dot p_{u,\rm 11}(t-\tau) \delta q^{\uparrow}_1 \cdot \delta(\tau) \, d\tau = - \int_0^t \dot p_{u,\rm 01}(t-\tau) \delta q^{\downarrow}_0 \cdot \delta(\tau) \, d\tau |
LaTeX Math Block |
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| \dot p_{u,\rm 11}(t) \delta q^{\uparrow}_1 = - \dot p_{u,\rm 01}(t) \delta q^{\downarrow}_0 |
which leads to LaTeX Math Block Reference |
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| . |
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For the finite-volume drain
LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | V_{\phi,1} \leq V_{\phi,0} < \infty |
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the flowrate response factor LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | \delta q^{\uparrow}_1 / \delta q^{\downarrow}_0 |
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is getting stabilised over time as:...
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For the finite-volume reservoir
LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | V_{\phi,1} \leq V_{\phi,0} < \infty |
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the DTR and CTR are both going through the PSS flow regime at late transient times:...
anchor | Case2_PSS_p11 |
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alignment | left |
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...
LaTeX Math Block |
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| _p21 |
p_{u,\ rm 01}(t \rightarrow \infty) \rightarrow \frac{t}{c_tdelta q^{\uparrow}_1 / \delta q^{\downarrow}_0 = - f_{01} = - \frac{V_{\phi, 1}}{ V_{\phi, 2 0}} = \rm const |
The response delay in time still exists but in usual time-scales of production analysis it becomes negligible and one can consider
LaTeX Math Block Reference |
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as constant in time. Expand |
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| where | | average drain-area total compressibility of formation within For the finite-volume reservoir which is jointly drained by producer W1 and injector W0 Substituting mathblock-ref the DTR and CTR are both going through the PSS flow regime at late transient times: and LaTeX Math Block Reference |
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| in LaTeX Math Block Reference |
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| one arrives to mathblock-ref | p_{u,\rm 11}(t \rightarrow \infty) \rightarrow \frac{t}{c_t V_{\phi, 1}} |
|
LaTeX Math Block |
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anchor | Case2_PSS_p21 |
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alignment |
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|
.
|
...
| p_{u,\rm 01}(t \rightarrow \infty) \rightarrow \frac{t}{c_t |
|
|
|
...
...
...
which is jointly drained by producer W1 and injector W0 |
Substituting LaTeX Math Block Reference |
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|
|
|
...
| 1 |
alignment | left |
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\delta q_1 = -\delta q_0 |
which means that producer W1 with constant BHP and finite-reservoir volume will eventually vary its rate at the same volume as injector W0.
In case injector W0 supports many producers {W1 .. WN} then all injection shares towards producers are going to sum up to a unit value:
LaTeX Math Block |
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|
\sum_{k=1}^N f_{0k} = 1 |
with constant coefficients LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | f_{0k} \geq 0, \ {k=\{i..N \} } |
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|
, unless there is a thief injection outside the drainage area of all producers and in this case:
in LaTeX Math Block Reference |
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| one arrives to LaTeX Math Block Reference |
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| . |
|
In case injector W0 supports only one producer W1, then both wells drain the same reservoir volume
LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | V_{\phi, 0} = V_{\phi, 1} |
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so that LaTeX Math Block Reference |
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leads to: LaTeX Math Block |
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|
\delta q^{\uparrow}_1 = -\delta q^{\downarrow}_0 |
which means that producer W1 with constant BHP and finite-reservoir volume will eventually vary its rate at the same volume as injector W0.
In case injector W0 supports many producers {W1 .. WN} then all injection shares towards producers are going to sum up to a unit value:
LaTeX Math Block |
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|
LaTeX Math Block |
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anchor | fokless1 |
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alignment | left |
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\sum_{k=1}^N f_{0k} < 1 |
...
...
= 1 \quad \Leftrightarrow \quad \sum_{k=1}^N V_{\phi,k} = V_{\phi,0} |
with constant
LaTeX Math Block |
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\delta q_1 =\sum_k f_{i1} \delta q_i
|
with constant coefficients i1_{\rm inj} . The equations
LaTeX Math Block Reference |
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, mathblock-ref, unless there is a thief injection outside the drainage area of all producers and in this case: ...
...
...
|
\sum_{k=1}^N f_{0k} < 1 \quad \Leftrightarrow \quad \sum_{k=1}^N |
...
...
...
If pressure around producer W1 is supported by several injectors
then production response in producer W1 is going to be 1} is a misnomer in most practical cases. When wells (producers and injectors) are placed into the same connected reservoir volume they drain the same total volume all together and all UTRs will have the same LTR asymptotic: LaTeX Math Block |
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| p_{u,\rm ik}(t \rightarrow \infty ) \rightarrow \frac{t}{\rm RS}, \quad \forall i \in
\delta q^{\uparrow}_1 =-\sum_i f_{i1} \delta q^{\downarrow}_i
|
with constant coefficients LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | f_{i1} \geq 0, \ {i=\{0..N_{\rm |
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|
...
...
where LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | \rm RS = \int_V c_t \, \phi \, dV |
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|
is total reservoir storage connecting all the wells.
...
.
The equations LaTeX Math Block Reference |
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, LaTeX Math Block Reference |
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and LaTeX Math Block Reference |
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make one of the key assumptions in Capacitance Resistance Model (CRM).
It is important to note that CRM assumption that injector W0 may drain bigger volume than producer W1 LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | V_{\phi, 0}> V_{\phi, 1} |
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|
is a misnomer in most practical cases.
When wells (producers and injectors) are placed into the same connected reservoir volume they drain the same total volume all together and all UTRs will have the same LTR asymptotic:
LaTeX Math Block |
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|
p_{u,\rm ik}(t \rightarrow \infty ) \rightarrow \frac{t}{\rm RS}, \quad \forall i \in N_{\rm inj}, k \in N. |
where LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | \rm RS = \int_V c_t \, \phi \, dV |
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|
is total reservoir storage connecting all the wells.
Moreover, if each well is placed in different reservoir volumes which are only connected through wellbores then again they will all drain the same volume which is the sum of all connected volumes through the wellbores and all UTRs will again trend to the same LTR asymptotic.
In order to relate true UTRs (from numerical grid simulations or from deconvolution) to the CRM injection share constants one needs to implement a certain workflow:
- Start with true UTRs
LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | \displaystyle p_{u, ik}(t) |
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with the same LTR asymptotic LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | \displaystyle p_{u, ik}(t) \rightarrow \frac{t}{RS} |
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|
. - Select injector W0
- Select producer W1
- Perform a convolution tests to account for the impact from {W2 .. WN} production and from {W-1 .. W-M} on to CTR_01 :
LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | \displaystyle p^*_{u, 01}(t) = p_{u, 01}(t) + \sum_{i \neq 0 \in {\rm inj}} p_{u, i1}(t) \cdot q^{\downarrow}_i(t) |
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|
- Perform two convolution tests to account for the impact from {W2 .. WN} production on to DTR_11 and CTR_01 :
- Test #1 – DTR_11
- Calculate interfering DTR_11:
LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | \displaystyle p^*_{u, 11}(t) = p_{u, 11}(t) + \sum_{k \neq 1 \in {\rm prod}} p_{u, k1}(t) \cdot q^{\uparrow}_k(t) |
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, meaning that all injectors W0 are shut-down and all producers were working with their historical rates , except producer W1 which is working with unit-rate
- Test #2 – CTR_01
- Calculate interfering CTR_01:
LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | \displaystyle p^*_{u, 01}(t) = p_{u, 01}(t) + \sum_{i \neq 0 \in {\rm inj}} p_{u, i1}(t) \cdot q^{\downarrow}_i(t) |
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, meaning that all producers are shut-down and all injectors are working with their historical rates , except injector W0 which is working with unit-rate
- Calculate injection share constant:
LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | \displaystyle f_{01} = \frac{\dot p^*_{01}(t)}{\dot p^*_{11}(t)} \Bigg|_{t \rightarrow \infty} |
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as LLS over equation: LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | \displaystyle \dot p^*_{01}(t) = f_{01} \cdot \dot p^*_{11}(t) |
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- Repeat the same for other producers (starting from point 2a onwards)
- Repeat the same for other injectors (starting from point 2 onwards)
Show If |
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| Consider a pressure convolution equation for the well W1 with constant BHP in a multi-well system : LaTeX Math Block |
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| p_1(t) = p_i - \sum_{k \in {\rm prod}} \int_0^t p_{u,\rm k1}(t-\tau) dq^{\uparrow}_k(\tau) - \sum_{i \in {\rm inj}} \int_0^t p_{u,\rm i1}(t-\tau) dq^{\downarrow}_i(\tau) = \rm const |
The time derivative is going to be zero as the BHP in producer W1 stays constant at all times: LaTeX Math Block |
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| \dot p_1(t) = - \left( \sum_{k \in {\rm prod}} \int_0^t p_{u,\rm k1}(t-\tau) dq^{\uparrow}_k(\tau) \right)^\cdot -
\left( \sum_{i \in {\rm inj}} \int_0^t p_{u,\rm i1}(t-\tau) dq^{\downarrow}_i(\tau) \right)^\cdot = 0 |
LaTeX Math Block |
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| \sum_{k \in {\rm prod}} p_{u,\rm k1}(0) \dot q^{\uparrow}_k(t) +
\sum_{k \in {\rm prod}} \int_0^t \dot p_{u,\rm kk}(t-\tau) dq^{\uparrow}_k(\tau) =
- \sum_{i \in {\rm inj}} p_{u,\rm i1}(0) \dot q^{\downarrow}_i(t)
- \sum_{i \in {\rm inj}} \int_0^t \dot p_{u,\rm i1}(t-\tau) dq^{\downarrow}_i(\tau) |
The zero-time value of DTR / CTR is zero by definition LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | p_{u,\rm kj}(0) = 0, \ \forall k,j \in \mathbb{Z} |
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| which leads to: LaTeX Math Block |
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| \sum_{k \in {\rm prod}} \int_0^t \dot p_{u,\rm k1}(t-\tau) dq^{\uparrow}_k(\tau) =
- \sum_{i \in {\rm inj}} \int_0^t \dot p_{u,\rm i1}(t-\tau) dq^{\downarrow}_i(\tau) |
Let's separate producer W1 and injector W0 terms: LaTeX Math Block |
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anchor | pre_eq |
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| \int_0^t \dot p_{u,\rm 11}(t-\tau) dq^{\uparrow}_1(\tau) + \sum_{k \neq 1 \in {\rm prod}} \int_0^t \dot p_{u,\rm k1}(t-\tau) dq^{\uparrow}_k(\tau) =
- \int_0^t \dot p_{u,\rm 01}(t-\tau) dq^{\downarrow}_0(\tau) - \sum_{i \neq 0 \in {\rm inj}} \int_0^t \dot p_{u,\rm i1}(t-\tau) dq^{\downarrow}_i(\tau) |
Consider a step-change in injector's W0 flowrate LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | \delta q^{\downarrow}_0 |
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| at zero time , which can be written as LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | dq^{\uparrow}_1(\tau) = \delta q^{\uparrow}_1 \cdot \delta(\tau) \, d\tau |
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| , leading to a step-change in production rate in producer W1 LaTeX Math Inline |
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body | dq^{\uparrow}_1(\tau) = \delta q^{\uparrow}_1 \cdot \delta(\tau) \, d\tau |
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| .Substituting this to LaTeX Math Block Reference |
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| leads to: LaTeX Math Block |
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| \dot p_{u,\rm 11}(t) \delta q^{\uparrow}_1 + \sum_{k \neq 1 \in {\rm prod}} \int_0^t \dot p_{u,\rm k1}(t-\tau) dq^{\uparrow}_k(\tau) =
- \dot p_{u,\rm 01}(t) \delta q^{\downarrow}_0 - \sum_{i \neq 0 \in {\rm inj}} \int_0^t \dot p_{u,\rm i1}(t-\tau) dq^{\downarrow}_i(\tau) |
|
|
|
Again it is important to note
...
In order to relate the UTR from numerical grid simulations or from deconvolution theory to the CRM injection share constants one need to implement a following trick:
- Collect true UTRs with the same LTR asymptotic.
Again it is important to notew a difference between
- CRM assumptions (constant PI, constant drainage volumes with no flow boundaries and constant total compressibility) – which may or may not take place and hence may or may not make CRM applicable in a specific case
and
- CRM concept of mismatching drainage volumes between producers and injectors which is just a terminology and does not exert restrictions on well-reservoir system
...