Absolute value of pressure gradient $\begin{array}{l}\nabla p\end{array}$ along the fluid flow direction $\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle {\bf l} = \frac{\bf u}{u}\end{array}$ :

$\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle \frac{dp}{dl} = {\bf l} \cdot \nabla p\end{array}$

where $\begin{array}{l}\bf u\end{array}$ is the fluid velocity.

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Pressure loss

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