The average amplitude
\epsilon of the material thickness variation.
|
| Fig. 1. Schematic view of Surface roughness. |
Material | Conditions | mm | |
|---|---|---|---|
Steel | sheet | 0.05 | 1.6 ×10−4 |
| pipe | 0.045 | 1.44 ×10−4 | |
stainless | 0.002 | 7×10−6 | |
rivet | 3.0 | 1×10−2 | |
rusty | 2.0 | 7×10−3 | |
Iron | cast | 0.26 | 8.5×10−4 |
forged | 0.046 | 1.5×10−4 | |
galvanised | 0.15 | 5×10−4 | |
Brass | 0.002 | 7×10−6 | |
Plastic | 0.0015 | 5×10−6 | |
Glass | 0 | 0 | |
Concrete | smooth | 0.04 | 1.3×10−4 |
rough | 2.0 | 7×10−3 | |
Rubber | smooth | 0.01 | 3.3×10−5 |
Wood | plank | 0.5 | 1.6 ×10−3 |
See also
Physics / Fluid Dynamics / Pipe Flow Dynamics / Darcy–Weisbach equation / Darcy friction factor